Stanley Fischer is President of Citigroup International, responsible for the Finance, Legal, Risk, and Human Resources functions. He is also Vice Chairman of Citigroup and a member of the Citigroup Risk Committee and Citigroup Management Committee. Prior to joining Citigroup, Mr Fischer was the First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, 1994–2001. Before he joined the Fund, he was the Killian Professor and Head of the Department of Economics at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). From 1988 to 1990 he was Vice President, Development Economics and Chief Economist at the World Bank. He has also held consulting appointments with the US State Department, the US Treasury, and the Bank of Israel. He is the author of Macroeconomics (with Rudi Dornbusch and Richard Startz), Lectures in Macroeconomics (MIT Press, 1989, with Olivier Blanchard), Economics (second edition, McGraw Hill, 1988, with Rudiger Dornbusch and Richard Schmalensee), and Indexing, Inflation, and Economic Policy (MIT Press, 1986).